text - photos: Babis Pavlopoulos - iconstravel photography
language: English (το ίδιο στα Ελληνικά στο προηγούμενο άρθρο σε αυτό το blog)
European Wildcat
The case of a small area in Kerkini, Northern Greece
Attempt to detect evidence of hybridization
Summary
We attempted to record all Wildcat individuals encountered in the field over a period of 5 years, in a designated zone in the lakeside area of Lake Kerkini. This area was measured at 25.34 km2. We estimated with moderate calculations, based on the number and frequency of encounters, after first excluding as much as possible encounters with the same individuals, that approximately 17-20 wildcats live within this area. This indicates a particular population density of the species. We recorded the characteristics of the individuals we encountered through photographs and videos and compared them with the characteristics given by a study of the organization for the reintroduction of the European Wildcat in Scotland. The results showed that the 34 individuals that we recorded are, with a very small deviation of a few individuals, particularly close to the typical phenotype of the animal. However, these deviations are often affected by exogenous factors, such as age, season and weather conditions. It must be underlined that all the observations upon which we relied are visual and the research is particularly limited in scope to draw any general conclusions. If the population density of the species is indeed so high, then according to existing studies the chances of hybridization with domestic cats are highly limited and the high percentage of overlap between our meetings and the typical phenotype of the species is fully justified. Two of our encounters that are not included in the 34 individuals that we mention in the study, featured significant differences from the wild-type phenotype, may change the final result of the research, depending on whether they were hybrids or domestic cats.
1. Distribution and habitat
The European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) is distributed throughout the continent, from Portugal to the Caucasus region, also including Scotland and the island of Sicily. More specifically, 5 main biogeographical groups of Wildcats have been recognized, which are located in the Iberian Peninsula, Central Europe, Central Germany, the Italian Peninsula and Sicily, Northeastern Italy and the Balkan Peninsula (Migli 2025). In Greece, the species lives on the mainland, in a distribution that reaches from the northern borders of the country to Attica (the prefecture around Athens), since its presence has been documented on Mt Parnitha using trail cameras. In the Peloponnese there is no photographic documentation, but biological signs have been found. We should also note that we have one testimony for visual contact in the Peloponnese, which we assess as reliable.
Particularly interesting is the area of Crete, where until 1996 we could only imagine that the Wildcat was still part of the island's fauna. The only evidence that the species existed, was a skin that had been sold at a bazaar in Chania in 1908 to a professor from an English university, which as far we know is still preserved. In 1996, the species was first caught on a trail camera by two Italian students. A few years ago, an individual was caught in a trap by a farmer, who not only did not kill it but also handed it over to the local university. After being studied, the animal was returned to its natural environment. Finally, a thorough research on the Wildcat was conducted by the University of Crete, which confirmed the existence of the species on the island and in healthy populations. But probably the most important finding is that the Cretan wildcat (Felis silvestris cretensis) maybe, biologically, is standing between the European and the African wildcat, something that certainly, as the researchers admit, requires further research in order to upgrade from a finding to a conclusion.
In order to avoid confusion, special mention should also be made of the Sardinian wildcat (Felis lybica sarda) inhabiting the Gutturu Mannu National Park, characterized by its notably small size. Furthermore, lineage tracing suggests an ancestral origin in North Africa or the Middle East, thereby classifying it as a descendant of the African wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica).
In spite of the similarities the European wildcat shares with domestic cats and especially the coloration ones with the type known as tabby, the two species do not have a common origin, since domestic cats originate from the African wildcat. The African wildcat is said to have been domesticated about 11,000 years ago in Mesopotamia and probably in a second phase 4-5,000 years ago by the Egyptians. All domestic cats originate from these domestications. On the contrary, the European wildcat cannot be domesticated, but unfortunately it can mate with the domestic cat and give fertile offspring. It is usually larger than the domestic cat, but the whole structure is different with longer legs, a more robust appearance, a thick and not particularly long tail, the whiskers are usually long and curve downward, while almost always the animal's posture has a fierce and wild expression.
As it is skillful hunter, feeding on rabbits and small rodents, it helps to keep local ecosystems in balance.
The habitat it prefers varies from region to region, comprising virtually all habitat types found in Europe, although research shows that high altitudes are not among its preferences. There are countries where the species prefers forested areas, but in others can be mainly found in more open shrublands (Migli 2025). Especially in Mediterranean areas, shrublands seem to be the key to the survival of the species (Gil-Sánchez 2025). However, it generally occurs in more robust populations in heterogeneous environments, but with a significant presence of open areas and without ultimately preferring the forest (Gil-Sánchez 2025).
In Greece, it probably avoids high altitudes, especially above 800 meters, and forests, while at the same time it exhibits large population density near internal waters. The negative result is that the population densities are also relatively high near settlements, but without sharp population increases in such areas. In general, it seems to prefer open areas, often at the edge of the forest, open woodlands or agricultural areas (Migli 2025). The preference for agricultural areas is apparently the reason why the species exhibits concentration near settlements. We also came to the same conclusion, since the area to be studied generally concerns fields with shrubby clumps of dense vegetation that usually are field boundaries, while small pockets of forested land are also present, invariably at low elevation, and of course near water since the area is part of a wetland. Not very different were the reports we had from Grevena area, northwestern Greece. This is a generally mountainous region, where most of the recorded encounters took place in open fields bordering oak forests at an altitude of 500-800 meters or shrublands at a similar altitude and close to streams or rivers. In places with higher altitude and high forest cover, clearly fewer encounters are reported, but in such areas we cannot have a clear picture and a relatively safe conclusion due to the cover that the forest offers to a small feline that is also characterized as a master of stealth. In such essentially mixed areas, it could use the fields to hunt and the forested sections as a hideout. However, we have caught Wildcats on trail-cameras in the generally limited forests of the wider lakeside area of Kerkini.
The Wildcat feeds on any prey that can be hunted, but in general its diet is based on rodents and European rabbits, having a preference for the latter where they exist (Gil-Sánchez 2025), e.g. Spain. In Greece it feeds mainly on rodents, whose movement can feel on the ground, and of course can hear them. Waiting for moles to come to the surface to breath in order to attack and grab them with its claws is a very typical behavior for the species.
A look at the distribution map of the species is enough to convince us that the most extensive spread occurs in the European south, that is, in populations related to the Mediterranean. This means that the Mediterranean ecosystem is particularly important for the conservation of the species in robust population numbers.
According to a Spanish study, the Iberian Peninsula is of particular importance for wildcats, since it contributes to half of the Mediterranean populations and almost a quarter of all European populations, making the peninsula one of the largest population centers in Europe (Gil-Sánchez 2025). However, unfortunately, things no longer seem to be exactly this way. According to reports by biologists in Portugal, only about 100 sexually mature individuals are left. The situation in Spain is also alarming; even though it has not been officially recognized as an endangered species, its real status is vulnerable or even endangered (Mowbray 2026).
Italy holds 8% of the total populations, and the Mediterranean core formed by the Balkan countries, Albania and Greece contributes up to 14% (Gil-Sánchez 2025). Our personal assessment after many years of searching for the species in Greece to photograph and film is that the populations in Greece most likely participate in a larger percentage. This assessment seems to be supported by a 2025 study that results in large numbers, despite the study only concerns the northern country.
However, let's have a look at some examples in absolute numbers. In Germany, it is estimated that there are approximately 5000-7000 Wildcats, 1100 in Switzerland, in Croatia probably less than 2000, in Bulgaria less than 5000, while the number is rising in Romania where Wildcats are estimated at 8005-9150 (Migli 2025). For Greece, the research we mentioned (Migli 2025) suggests, based on models, 3535-7070 individuals for the northern country, a number that appears particularly large compared to the rest of European countries. This conclusion does not surprise us, since as we will see below in our area of interest near Lake Kerkini, we consider, based on our meetings over the last 5 years, that the population density is really high, even higher compared to the above research, certainly upholding any reservations.
European population densities of the species vary considerably across its range, from as few as 0.1 to as many as 250 individuals per 100 km2, depending on regional conditions and methodological differences (Migli 2025).
The European wildcat has been classified as “Least Concern”, largely due to its wide distribution, but it has recently been recognized that the global population trend appears to be declining. In Scotland the wildcat is considered “Critically Endangered”, while unfortunately the natural populations of Austria and the Netherlands became extinct (Gil-Sánchez 2025). In Portugal it is now characterized as “Critically endangered” and in Spain it changed in a short period of time from “Vulnerable” to “Near threatened”, while here it should probably also be characterized as “Critically endangered”. However, the truth is that the real population trend seems to be unknown in most countries or has not been adequately researched.
The threats faced by the Wildcat in the wild are habitat loss, deaths from cars as the animals cross the roads*, while it seems that in some places it is a potential prey for large birds of prey (Gil-Sánchez 2025). The preservation of ecosystem connectivity is critical for the survival of the species, as it is for all fauna. Maintaining ecological corridors facilitates individual dispersal and migration across disparate geographical ranges, which promotes genetic recombination and mitigates the risks associated with inbreeding depression. Conversely, anthropogenic habitat fragmentation isolates populations within restricted patches, leading to genetic bottlenecking, reduced evolutionary fitness, and increased vulnerability to epizootic outbreaks.
Another threat to the species, perhaps the most insidious, is hybridization with domestic cats, which seems to occur more frequently in areas where Wildcat populations are declining or are already collapsed. Hybridization involves not only genetic alteration, but also the transmission of diseases from domestic cats.
It also likely favors the spread of traits associated with domestication that may be selectively disadvantageous in the wild (Gil-Sánchez 2025).
We indicatively mention some figures, but we note that they come from a study conducted in the distant 2012. Thus, in Hungary 31% hybridization was found, in the Iberian Peninsula 7%, in Portugal the figure was 12%, but on the other hand in the Baetic Mountains (Sierra Nevada etc.) in the province of Granada, no hybridization had been detected. In Germany, a total of 18.4% was found, but most individuals came from the western population of the Black Forest on the border with France where the percentage rose to a high of 43% (Lozano-Malo 2012). However, the authors of the study argued, at least when the study was written, that the results of most genetic analyses do not seem to justify the alarm and efforts made to combat hybridization, especially in Mediterranean regions, where this issue can be considered as minor, as shown by studies carried out on the studied populations. On the other hand, other threats such as habitat destruction and unnatural mortality do not receive enough attention, while in fact these may be more urgent and among the final causes of genetic introgression (Lozano-Malo 2012).
We are not sure if we agree with this view, specifically whether hybridization is of minor importance for the Wildcat population in Mediterranean regions, but we will certainly agree that the remaining threats to the species are not treated with due importance.
The complexity of contemporary wildlife threats, coupled with the challenges of their management, is arguably best exemplified by the ecological developments in the Iberian Peninsula following the successful reintroduction of the Iberian lynx. As both species depend on the same prey, specifically the European rabbit, the larger Lynx has competitively excluded the smaller Wildcat from its traditional geographic ranges and habitats. In order to highlight this complexity, it is worth presenting the case of a specific wildcat monitored by the University of Granada, even though this may lie beyond the scope of the present study. Upon the return of the Lynx, this female individual abandoned her natal range for a less suitable habitat, in close proximity to human settlements. There, she was killed by a vehicle. Characterized as a “demographic engine” this cat had given birth to ten kittens over the course of the study (Mowbray 2026).
Moreover, the Iberian wildcat population was severely impacted by the precipitous decline of the European rabbit during the last century, a phenomenon attributed to infectious diseases and anthropogenic habitat loss.
Certainly, we cannot disregard the deceases either. A range of pathogens and parasites threaten Wildcat health, with warming temperatures facilitating their spread via ticks, fleas and other vectors. For example, a study identified a growing risk of eye disorders caused by the Thelazia callipaeda parasite, which is native to Asia and is now found in Europe** (Mowbray 2026).
* During the days when this study was conducted, as we were traveling in Central Greece, we saw a Wildcat standing in the middle of a main provincial road, sniffing something on the roadway and as soon as the car approached, the animal run to hide in an adjacent field.
** Unfortunately, in the area of interest of the present study, we have recorded several individuals with obvious eye problems. Naturally, we are not in a position to know whether these problems are due to the aforementioned parasite or to another cause, which could simply be battles for dominance in the territories.
2. Research Objectives
After long meaningless conversation about Wildcat hybrids, especially on social media, we decided to deal with the issue a little more seriously, mainly with the population that lives within the limits of our activity. So we tried to start a small research, while on the occasion we attempted to calculate the Wildcat population density within this area, located in the lakeside lands of Kerkini, northern Greece.
2.1
We designated and measured the area in which we operate, mainly every winter for over 5 years, while calculating at the same time how many wildcats may live there through our daily observations, so that we could arrive at an approximate estimate of their population density within this area.
2.2
Last winter, without disturbing the animals in the least, we attempted to take a DNA sample in order to conduct tests, but we failed, something that ultimately did not surprise us, as scientific researches has also failed in exactly the same way. So we decided to record the characteristics of the animals that we have encountered, so that through the overall results we could see, at least in this way, what is the population profile in the area under consideration. On the occasion, of course, we clarified through the numerous videos and photos which animals are identical to each other, so that we would not have double entries in the list we created. After so many years in the field, almost daily for 2 to 3 months each year, it was relatively possible to do this, essentially to begin to recognize the different individuals.
At the same time, we took care to find out in various studies what are scientifically considered the most important characteristics that constitute the typical phenotype of the European wildcat. We also attempted to gather as much information as possible regarding hybridization subject of the species with domestic cats. Certainly, to the knowledge provided by these studies, we added our many years of observations, both in the field and after studying photographs and videos.
By collecting and comparing the above data, we tried to reach results and conclusions.
3. Results
3.1
The area of interest was measured via Google Maps and found to be 25.34 km2. We estimate that approximately 17-20 Wildcats live within these boundaries. Probably the Wildcats periodically alternate with other individuals, something that we do not believe that causes a dramatic population change, even periodically. These numbers may seem high or even unrealistic, but they were calculated conservatively and with particular caution. Actually, they result from the frequency of encounters, calculated each year separately and taking into account that it is really hard to spot a Wildcat in the wild. There were many times when the cat was standing next to us and we did not see it, which we believe happened much more often than the similar cases in which we finally managed to spot an individual. In short, out in the field when we do not have any encounters, not something very rare, we are absolutely certain that we passed next to one or more individuals, who did not want to be noticed and finally managed to do so. So according to the above calculation, the distribution density seems approximately to be about 1.4 km2/Wildcat - 1.26 km2/Wildcat, with a clear upward trend in population density, indicating a further decrease in the home range size per individual.
If we consider that according to the research we already mentioned for Northern Greece (Migli 2025), 47930 km2 of suitable habitat are home of approximately 3535-7070 individuals, with a density of 13.5 km2/Wildcat up to 6.8 km2/Wildcat, either our calculations are too far off, or simply the density within the specific area of this study is indeed remarkably high, a fact that, judging by observations and meetings, we regard as absolutely certain.
For the current study area, the same study (Migli 2025) gives 0.2 individuals/km2, while our calculations, 0.67 individuals/km2 - 0.8 individuals/km2. Certainly the method that was followed in the research for Northern Greece is scientific, which we fully respect. However, we do not know whether the density representation on the distribution map of the species in Northern Greece that is presented in the study is due to field research in situ or simply a projection of what effect it had in similar habitats.
The European population densities of the species show significant variation throughout the species' range, from just 0.1 to 250 individuals per 100 km2, i.e. 0.4 individuals/km2, depending on regional conditions and methodological differences (Migli 2025).
Map of Lake Kerkini area. For obvious reasons, the exact area referred to herein is not marked
3.2
We recorded the characteristics through videos and photos of 34 individuals that we have encountered in the area, across 53 encounters, over the last 5 years. We did not include, at least, 5 to 6 individuals as there was not sufficient evidence in the available photos and videos from the encounters with them that would have helped the research. On the contrary, the lack of data would probably have distorted it. Also, individuals recorded on night cameras (trail cameras) are not included for reasons mentioned in Table 1.
The characteristics that we recorded or attempted to record for each individual, were the following: In general/behavior, time of encounter, color/striping on the body, stripe on the nape/next to the eye/forehead, white spots, tail features, dorsal line, feet.
Because of repeated sightings of the same animals, the results may often not match the sum of the distinct records, depending on the specific characteristic category. Furthermore, some traits are not distinguishable in certain individuals and are therefore excluded from the records (Table1).
Table 1
Out of 34 individuals with available material, across 53 encounters, the overall recorded characteristics are as follows:
In general / behavior:
- Cryptic individuals 8
- Wary individuals 8
- Tolerant individuals 18
We identified 11 males and 4 females by observation, though certainty could not be established for all of them. For individuals whose anatomy was not apparent in the available images or in the field, we relied on factors such as size and behavioral patterns (e.g., some individuals sprayed to mark their territory). For the remaining individuals, it was impossible to identify their sex or even make a substantiated assumption.
Meeting time:
- Dawn 1
- Morning 5
- Noon 10
- Afternoon 11
- Golden light 15
- Dusk 8
There are also recordings from trail cameras, mainly from the spring. These recordings are not included in the list because, on the one hand, the animals' features are not clearly visible, making it difficult to match them with individuals encountered during the day. On the other hand, due to the season, the animals have begun shedding their winter fur, which alters their appearance and characteristics
For instance, it was noted that tail thickness and shape frequently deteriorate during spring. Moreover, as a comprehensive investigation was not intended when conducting the activity, the analysis was based on available, relevant material. Consequently, individuals recorded simultaneously on multiple occasions were not counted.
Body Color / Striping:
- Typical color 34
- Other color -
- Typical striping 32
- Other type of striping/faint* 2
*1 individual with very faint striping and 1 individual with more distinct than usual and long stripes towards the back (see specific phenotype characteristics below) were recorded.
- Brownish yellow color on the
body parts to be mentioned** 32
**In 2 individuals it was not possible to distinguish whether there is brownish yellow
- White color on the belly
extended lower on the legs
instead of the typical
brownish yellow 2
Stripes on the neck / eyes / forehead:
- Typical 33
- With distortion 1 (possibly)
White on:
- Chin 29
- Whiskers area & upper lip 17
- Cheeks 2
- Neck 6
- Chest 18
- Spread lower 3
- Almost no white 4
Tail:
- Correct length (approx.) 25
- Relatively long 6
- Thick 29
- Relatively thin 1
- Cylindrical 27
- Flattened 4
- Round tip 27
- Slightly pointed tip 4
- Rings 31
- Not discernible (the tail) 3
One individual was observed exhibited a thinner tail with a slightly pointed tip during a subsequent year, compared to a thick tail with a round tip at initial encounter. A second individual similarly transitioned from a round to a slightly pointed tip in a different year. A third individual initially presented a relatively thick, cylindrical tail, which became flattened with a less rounded tip after two weeks
Dorsal line:
- Present 29
- Stops at the base of tail 29
- Other/does not stop -
- Not discernible if present 5
Feet:
- Black 22
- Other -
- Not discernible 12
3.3
However, regarding the recording the characteristics of the animals we encountered, we need to determine the phenotype of the European wildcat to compare it with our sample. It should be noted that while our sample size may be considered large for the specific study area, it remains extremely small and limited in scope for drawing general conclusions. Nevertheless, we believe it provides valuable insights.
So let's look more specifically at the characteristics that the animal must have so that we can conclude that it is a pure European Wildcat. The next stage of research is of course the DNA test, which provides an indisputable answer.
We use the research Definition of a Wildcat – Updated Guidance 2023 (NatureScot, 2023) as a guide, which details what the authors consider to be primary characteristics (Table 2).
Table 2
The cat must have ALL* the following:
- Brown-gray fur color
- Streaked and/or spotted pattern
- Tail with black rings and black tip
and appearance WITHOUT* the following:
- A CLEAR* line running the entire length of the tail
- White color at the lower part of the legs (white feet)
- Particularly pointed tail tip (adults only)
Important note: how round the tip will be varies depending on the season, age, moisture in the coat, etc.
(*Capital letters as used by the editors)
In fact, this study states that if it is not possible to clearly distinguish all these characteristics, but those that are distinguished match the description of the table, then we can assume that it is a wildcat. Obviously, however, the authors mean that this assumption is made to be sure that the recording of a pure individual will not be lost, but obviously we must proceed, if possible, to a second stage, which is of course the DNA test.
We take the above data as a basis and go to see our own recordings, which, as we said, come from observation in the field and a dispassionate and thorough study of dozens of photographs and videos.
So all the cats we studied had the typical brown-gray color, the shade of which depends on the angle we see the animal, always in combination with the different light conditions. That is, if it is sunny, the position of the sun or if it is cloudy and how overcast it is. Τhe time also plays a key role in the hue that the cat appears. Other features, such as the white fur parts, are also affected in the same way, which we refer to below. We note a case that we were filming a Wildcat in an open field a day with a particularly bright sun. When we stopped looking through the camera’s view-finder, we were almost unable to distinguish the animal, as the strong vertical light gave the animal's fur a whitish hue, completely in harmony with the winter, dry appearance of the landscape around us. A total of 32 individuals also featured the typical brownish-yellow color or a close shade of it behind the ears, in the area around the nose and low between the hind legs. We note that lighting and the angle of observation also play a key role in discerning this detail. For two of the database entries, the presence or absence of this coloration could not be confirmed.
Almost all records feature the same loose pattern of stripes and spots -usually broken stripes- on the side of the body, with a similar distribution; however, in some cats, the striping is more distinct, while in others, it is fainter. In the general picture, however, the striping should be characterized as faint, especially if a comparison is attempted with the Wildcats of the reintroduction program in Scotland, where all the animals that we have observed in photographs feature very distinct and maybe bold stripes. The pattern consists of stripes toward the shoulders, which transition into faint spots or broken stripes toward the rear. It is complemented by horizontal stripes on the legs (Table 3). Only one cat is included in our records that appears to have stripes on the back on the side of the body, and at the same time with noticeably bolder stripes, compared to the others.
Our records show only one cat with distinct stripes on its sides towards the hindquarters that are noticeably bolder than the other cats. Also only one individual appears with noticeably fainter stripes, almost invisible, compared to the rest.
Certainly there are distinct stripes in all the individuals, which according to the bibliography are characteristic of the species. These distinct stripes extend from the area behind the eyes, the top of the head to the nape, and often from the forehead to the crown of the head. From the top of the head, four distinct black lines always start, relatively symmetrical, which also cover the nape. A bold black line starts from the outer edge of the eye and, forming an angle, stops approximately at the vertical line from the ear. A bit lower than the eye, another one starts, converging to the one above, therefore shorter, which, making approximately the same angle, and almost connects the first at its end. There is an even thinner one almost below the eye, usually joining the beginnings of the first two lines. In 33 individuals the stripes behind the eyes and on the nape was rather perfect. Only one cat had fainter, and maybe distorted stripes next to its eye. Finally, cats have stripes on their foreheads that do not follow a specific pattern and differ from one cat to another. These stripes are very useful for distinguishing different animals. Certainly, such an attempt requires caution, since depending on the viewing angle, the pattern may look different. However, in general, we could say that it is like a fingerprint for the European Wildcat (Table 4). This striping, distinct or less distinct, dense or less dense, was present on the forehead of all the individuals we recorded.
Τhe dorsal line is one of the most important features for the identification of a Wildcat. Contrary to popular belief, the dorsal line does not start from the base of the nape. It is an especially distinct black line that starts from the withers and reaches strictly to the base of the tail. In our study, for all cats where the dorsal line could be distinguished, it extended exactly as expected. The dorsal pattern is complemented by bold striping that starts at the end of the four nape lines and extends to the dorsal line’s start, consisting of two stripes that usually converge at the sides.
Another important feature for identifying an individual as a Wildcat is the tail. According to the data in Table 2, we need a tail with black rings and a black tip but not particularly pointed, and without a clear line running the entire length of the tail, intersecting the rings.
So far, we believed that without a thick, cylindrical tail with a perfectly rounded tip (the ideal shape), there were traces of hybridization. This ultimately seems not to be entirely true, since the study in Table 2 does not consider this detail as a prerequisite. According to Table 2 how pointed the tail is, is a matter of other factors, such as age, season, and humidity in the animal's fur. Indeed, we also confirmed the presence of these factors in the field, having recorded three such cases during our own research.
In the first case, when the same individual was seen again the following winter, its tail was noticeably thinner and more pointed at the tip. The animal also appeared to have lost fur overall, even though both encounters took place in the winter. The most important, however, is probably that we saw a photo of this particular animal by another photographer taken about a month and a half after our second encounter, and its tail looked almost flawless! In the second case, the tail of a different individual also appeared more pointed from year to year. The third animal is the most interesting case, because the difference was observed within a period of two weeks. The tail, originally cylindrical, in the second encounter it appeared flattened and finally took a more pointed form in the animal's profile. It must be underlined that all those days were rainy. However, it must be noted that during our research, the animals' tail was the feature where the greatest differences between individuals were recorded. In our list flawless tails appear but also some that are slightly long (with a margin of error due to the camera angle and how the animal moves) and others that are not perfectly round. Rings on the tails, fewer or more, were found in all of them. It is worth noting that in none of the tails did the dorsal line continue into the tail and even run its entire length. In some cases, while the dorsal line clearly stops at the base of the tail, a suspicion of continuity, like a particularly faint shadow, is observed before the rings. It looks like we have black color in the lower part of the fur and this is highlighted as the thick winter fur opens. We have observed exactly the same phenomenon through photographs and videos occurring in animals from the Scottish reintroduction program. We consider that this may simply be a visual phenomenon. However, we have to say that according to Table 2, the continuity of the dorsal line on the tail must be really distinct, so as to have evidence of hybridization. In our recording of 34 individuals, 25 tails of the right length and 6 tails that appeared slightly longer were found. We also recorded 29 thick tails and 1 relatively thin, 27 were cylindrical shaped and 4 were flattened. The latter 4 ones had this image in the profile of the animal, but completely the opposite from the back. Furthermore, 27 had a round tip and 4 a slightly pointed tip. It is worth reminding that they are remote visual observations, identified via photos and videos. As it is referred in the Table 1, in 3 individuals the tail was not discerned.
In some other identification features, the feet must be dark, almost black, and the whiskers are usually long and curved downwards. In our records, all the animals that we were able to get a picture of, were found with black feet, while in most the whiskers were as described above. The whiskers are also a matter of perspective, distance, and probably the mood of the animal.
The last feature is the white color. In the research that is presented in Table 2, only the white color on the lower part of the legs (socks) is mentioned as prohibitive. In our own records, not a single animal with this characteristic was found. We only note that some animals on this part had a light shade of the typical color of the body, but in no case did it come close to white color. However white shade can be found on the lower part of the face, chin, upper lip, neck and chest, in an irregular pattern. Some animals have almost no white color at all, being limited only to off-white coloration in some of the above parts. In our records, we found only 3 animals where the white color was spread lower, covering almost the entire chest and reaching almost between the legs. The truth is that this detail, at least on two animals, was combined with other characteristics that slightly deviated from the typical Wildcat phenotype. One of them is one of the cases mentioned above, where the phenotype of the cat looked different from year to year. Generally speaking, the only time we have seen white color on the lower part of the legs was in a photograph of an individual from Grevena region.
However, we noticed one more characteristic of the species, also found in the literature. This is the permanently fierce expression on the face. In fact, all the cats we have encountered permanently had this fierce or wild expression, whether they were hunting, siting calm to hear their prey, grooming themselves and of course when they looked at us trying to investigate our intentions. An expression that is very rare in domestic animals, even if they have no contact with humans.
Table 3
Approximate display of a European Wildcat
4. Conclusions
4.1
Attempting to reach some conclusions, even with the clearly insufficient data for a scientific study, we will try to briefly list all the characteristics that, if any, can characterize an animal as a pure European wildcat (Table 4). These characteristics, taken from the study of a sufficient number of photographs from Greece and abroad, seem to concern the entire distribution of the species. Of course, some of them may vary depending on the habitat that the animals prefer in each place. For example, it is important to mention that most cats of the reintroduction program in Scotland, that we have seen photos from, have particularly distinct striping, something that does not happen in Greek population, and also in many other areas, since the striping of the animals is rather faint. In Greece we have seen only three individuals, captured in photographs, whose striping is really distinct, one from Lake Prespa, the other one from Evros riverside area and the third one from the mountains around the city of Trikala, but only one in the area of this study, which was less distinctively striped than the rest. This feature is probably related to the type of habitat in which the wildcat lives in each place. The faint striping, however, seems to offer cover to the animal, when it lives in open areas, such as the area under consideration (chapter 3.3), especially in winter when the vegetation is not high and dense.
Table 4
Key identification features of pure European wildcat
- Robust body, sometimes slender but muscular, long legs, and generally heavier build than the domestic cat.
- Head that can generally be described as large, but not out of proportion to the animal's dimensions.
- Usually a fierce / wild expression, regardless of mood.
- Slightly large ears.
- Two distinct black stripes behind the eyes that converge on the side of the head.
- Vertical black striping on the forehead, each individual has its own pattern, wide variety.
- Four distinct black stripes on the nape.
- Two distinct stripes on the withers.
- Black distinct line from the withers to the base of the tail, strictly stops at this point.
- Black striping on the sides ranges from faint to slightly distinct, with up to about five longer stripes towards the front that break into spots further back.
- Black horizontal stripes on the limbs, from faint to slightly distinct.
- Brown-gray color that changes shade depending on the lighting.
- Brown-yellow coloration behind the ears, on the muzzle around the nose and on the belly towards the tail, often also between the hind limbs.
- A thick, typically cylindrical tail, though its exact shape and thickness can vary based on age, season, and humidity. It ends in a black, moderately blunt tip.
- The tail must feature black rings.
Looking back at our list, we find out that the animals we recorded match these characteristics to a really high percentage, with a deviation of 1 to 2 cases per characteristic. This percentage increases only in the case of the tail, where the deviation from the typical is from 1 to 6 per particular characteristic, in 34 individuals. In 1 case it was relatively thin, in 4 it was flattened, in 4 the tip was slightly pointed and in 6 the tail seemed slightly longer. It must be noted, once again that these tails were never actually measured and the figures provided concern visual observations, in the field or through photographs and videos.
During second encounters with the same animals, their tails appeared flattened, whereas during the first encounter, they seemed cylindrical. However, being flattened did not mean the tail was thin, because when viewed from behind, it still looked typical of a wildcat. The same applies to the tip. In a flattened tail the tip may appear slightly pointed, but from behind the shape changes to a more rounded one. However, we have not encountered any animal with an extremely thin tail or an extremely pointed one, like that of domestic cats.
So, if we are talking about some visually observed characteristics that refer to population’s hybridization of the area in question, assuming that we have not missed something else, this can probably only be sought in the tails. However, we have already pointed out the observations mentioned in Table 2 (Nature Scot 2023) that the shape and thickness of the tail can change, depending on age, season and humidity. So since the shape of the tail also depends on external factors, it is possible that the imperfect tails that were observed and recorded have not big significance. Of course, it is emphasized again that only the DNA test could provide a definitive answer, since these exogenous factors cannot be controlled.
Wrapping up the comparison of features from our data, two encounters must be mentioned that are not included in our list for different reasons each one. One took place outside the area of interest, but quite close, so the mention is made because the existence of this animal, whether it was a hybrid or a domestic cat, could affect the surrounding population (hereinafter referred to as Individual Y). It was a rather small size animal, with a slim body, long legs, a thin cylindrical tail with a black tip and rings, almost the correct coloration, the striping generally deviated from the typical pattern, especially on the hindquarters and on the limbs, while the head was small with rather short ears and short whiskers. The striping behind the eyes and on the forehead was correct. We were unable to distinguish if it features a dorsal line. The fur, despite being February, appeared short. Certainly, the duration of the encounter was a few seconds, but the general impression given by the animal, especially because of the face expression, was more of a domestic (maybe feral) cat and less of a Wildcat. However, after watching us from a fairly large distance for a while, it quickly disappeared into the dense vegetation. The place of encounter was at a distance from a settlement that, without being very long, could hardly justify the presence of a domestic cat, while in this area we had already encountered Wildcats with the right characteristics.
The second encounter took place within the area of interest (hereinafter referred to as Individual X). Its reactions to our presence were very close to those of a Wildcat, but not as extreme as those of a real wild animal. It had a very thin tail with a line running its entire length, the dorsal line consisted of a double row of small spots, a large body and head, but relatively short and thin legs. The coloration was a few tones lighter than the typical one of the species. The stripes on the nape were particularly faint. Its gaze was slightly reminiscent of that of a wildcat. So, because of the suspicion that it was simply a domestic cat (probably a feral cat), the animal was not included in our list, without of course being able to rule out the possibility of a hybrid.
4.2
Beyond appearance, however, the issue of hybridization can also be researched from the standpoint of the species' behavioral biology (ethology), which can in a second stage interpret a future DNA test result or be interpreted by it.
In Scotland, where the Wildcat population collapsed, we know that the species' habitat shank dramatically, while at the same time the animals were hunted relentlessly. Thus, the population decreased extremely and apparently with no other choice, due to the relationship of the species, they began to mate more and more systematically with domestic cats. It must be remembered that domestic cats lived in this region in previous centuries, but as reported in studies, serious hybridization seems to have begun in the last few decades (Lozano-Malo 2012) (Gil-Sánchez 2025). The above, of course, does not only concern Scotland, but almost the entire range of the species. So as Wildcats becoming increasingly rare, there was no chance of a return of wild DNA, and a subsequence population recovery. Another point worth mentioning is that we may not have the authentic genetic code of the Wildcat, that is, the crosses between the two species began very early (Lozano-Malo 2012), if not already since the time of domestic cats’ arrival in Europe. It could happen during the period when commercial activity began to increase, requiring more and more trips from place to place. This activity could lead to an increase in the domestic cat population on the continent.
Maybe similar is the case of Black Forest, Western Germany, where the hybridization rate according to studies reaches 43%, that is, very high (Lozano-Malo 2012). When we visited the place we could not believe our eyes at how extensive the industrial areas were, with a multitude of factories. This, combined with the anthropogenic pressure which we know is continuously rising across all ecosystems, would have led to a fatal loss of the Wildcat’s habitat. So as the species’ population was pressured, it is highly possible the Wildcats sought the companionship of domestic cats, as appears to have happened in Scotland.
However, Scotland was not the only place where wildcats were hunted. The same happened in most European countries until about 1993 (Lozano-Malo 2012), for example in Czechia, where they were considered vermin and killed because they preyed on poultry and they were hunted for sport (Mowbray 2026). To be honest we really doubt if they really preyed on poultry.
In Greece and especially in places like the lakeside area of Kerkini, the habitat of the animals did not shrink, on the contrary, because of the abandonment of the Greek countryside, it was rather extended. So probably, due to the lack of pressure on the population there was no need for Wildcats to mate systematically with domestic cats. Furthermore, there are no reports of systematic hunting of the species, despite the fact that we know from personal testimony that until a few decades ago there were hunters in the area who killed animals for their fur. However, the same testimony categorically says that he never remembers this hunting involving Wildcats. In fact, in Greece at least, anthropogenically impacted areas seem to be attractive to Wildcats (Migli 2025). The way that agricultural activities shape the environment, offer suitable habitat to the animal. In general, the Wildcat in Greece avoids high-altitude, mountainous and forested areas. The species prefers more open areas (Migli 2025), probably in the vicinity of forests or as long as they have islands of dense vegetation that can be used as hideouts or by the females to give birth. Such type of habitat is also the area under consideration, where we observe them hunting rodents in their characteristic way, which are known to thrive in cultivated fields.
It also seems that the possibility of hybridization in places with low temperatures decreases (Lozano-Malo 2012), as on the cold nights of the breeding season that takes place in the winter months, domestic cats tend to stay somewhere hidden to protect themselves from the cold and where else will they do this than inside settlements. But at the same time the wild ones remain active. The authors of the research, from where the report comes, cite as an example the case of Sierra Morena, in the Spanish south, where the hybridization rate is... 0%! The area of Kerkini, on the one hand, is certainly a cold place during the species' reproductive period, and on the other hand, the cat mating obviously takes place at night, when the animals are most active. The animal is characterized as nocturnal, regardless of whether it is also particularly active during the day. In fact, we were lucky enough to have filmed part of the process. A pair of Wildcats mated for two consecutive nights next to, yes unfortunately right next to, our trail camera, giving us some rather behind-the-scenes footage, as well as the sound of the "cry of the Wildcat" that is heard only during their reproduction. There is no footage or any sign around the camera’s area that the animals met again at the same spot during the day or had stayed there. On the contrary they returned the next night, to the exact same spot, almost at the same time. In fact, these individuals, despite appearing to have all the typical features of a Wildcat, were not included in the recordings, as the meeting took place nearby, but outside the specific area that we have demarcated for the research.
Another important point is that research (Gil-Sánchez 2025) conducted in continental Europe showed that the breeding of female Wildcats with domestic male cats is a rare phenomenon in places where there is healthy Wildcat population, even in areas with a large number of domestic cats. By projecting the result of this research to our region, we probably find common data elements. However, the authors of the research point out that such findings should be interpreted very carefully. On the other hand, in cases where there is no healthy population, this is exactly the pattern of hybridization that concerns most cases, the encounter of a female Wildcat and a male domestic cat, where the babies grow up in the wild as Wildcats (Gil-Sánchez 2025). Of course, it would be particularly interesting to know what happens in the case of a cat mating of the opposite sexes, where the babies would grow up in a human-made environment, if not close to humans, e.g. in a yard. Unfortunately we were unable to find any evidence.
Also interesting is a different study with trail cameras conducted in Andalusia (Gil-Sánchez et al. 2020) and showed that the presence of Wildcats limited both the abundance and the presence of domestic cats. The result of this study makes us think that in our area under consideration, we have never encountered a domestic cat in the Wildcat's habitat, nor have ever recorded any on a trail camera day or night. Certainly, if we accept this, then individuals Y and X (see chapter 4.1) were hybrids, providing living evidence of interbreeding between the two species in our area. If, on the other hand, we accept that they were domestic cats, this means that we have finally identified the presence of the species in the Wildcat's habitat, which also is not good news.
However, in any case, we do believe that these are important observations, especially if we accept the high density of Wildcats in the area and the only two such encounters in 5 years. In general, domestic cats sightings are confined to built-up areas and the fields around the outer buildings, places where we have never observed Wildcats. We also believe that a Wildcat would never visit a settlement or approach the fields next to the outer houses where we have seen domestic cats, which is supported by research (Gil-Sánchez 2025). Moreover, it should be noted that the area under consideration, in addition to the Wildcat, is home of the Wolf and the Golden Jackal as well. The population of the Jackals is really extended, and every night make their presence known through howling. We guess it obviously deters domestic cats of moving outside settlements, especially at night.
Something else worth mentioning is that the European wildcat is considered a territorial species that excludes other same sex conspecifics from the area it lives in, something that it will obviously do with domestic cats (Gil-Sánchez 2025). However, during the field research, we frequently observed individuals in close proximity. Additionally, on multiple occasions, we strongly suspected that both individuals were male. The ultimate example happened in the winter of 2026, when after photographing a Wildcat we moved the car forward, and in the next 30 meters a different individual ran across the dirt road. This was the first time we had seen this. In fact we believed for a moment that something chasing it would come out behind it, and in the next 40 meters another one was standing in the field on our right. The most likely, the second individual, which was small size and therefore probably a female, was being chased by a male who stopped behind the bushes, fearing of our vehicle. In this case, we had 4 individuals within a distance of less than 100 meters.
5. Epilogue
A silhouette moves slowly and silently through the grass, stops and turns the eyes to us, makes sure that we do not violate the distance that it considers vital for its safety and refocuses on what it was doing. It takes a few more careful steps, raising the legs high so as not to move the grass making noise. It stops again. The ears turn forward and downward, the back arches, one foreleg is raised and... as a spring being released, an attack of incredible energy and speed unfolds. As the body falls, shaking in all directions, the tail is raised high and suddenly... the action stops. The animal bends down, takes the small rodent from its claws into its mouth, turns on the other side and eat it.
Who really, watching the above scene, cares whether it was a pure European wildcat or a hybrid? But unfortunately we have to, because only in this way we will continue to witness such scenes in nature in the distant future. A nature, we are bound to protect, as only if wildlife has room to roam it will continue to exist, preserving its ethology and the form that survived through time, which was handed down to us.
The European wildcat, as already mentioned, almost became extinct in Scotland and most likely the collapse began from the loss of its habitat. The species faces the same threat in other areas of Europe, like in Portugal where only around 100 sexual mature individuals are left. Also in Spain the news is bad.
The same happened with other species such as the Iberian lynx, in the Iberian Peninsula, since it previously became extinct from other areas in Europe, and will obviously never return. Both in Scotland and in the Iberian Peninsula, reintroduction projects for the two species are underway, while also ensuring habitat conservation to guarantee the success of these programs.
Especially in the case of the Wildcat, the loss of habitat seems, as have been said, to result in its interbreeding with domestic cats, so the problem becomes even more complicated as other uncertain factors come into play. It is characteristic that one of the program's primary concerns in Scotland is the sterilization of stray cats, as well as informing the local population about the need to sterilize their own pets, an element that brings back to the forefront the already existing need for pet sterilization for a number of highly serious reasons.
Following the success of the Lynx reintroduction project, it is hoped that similar outcomes will be achieved in Scotland and through other initiatives, such as the proposed Wildcat reintroduction in Portugal (Mowbray 2026), until such conservation efforts are no longer needed.
Certainly, nothing can be done with wishful thinking, only with appropriate actions. The truth is that, while trying to interpret the situation and stay as updated as possible on the continuous species reintroduction efforts by more and more scientific programs, we also see the increasing pressure on the natural environment. As a result, we cannot decide whether to be optimistic or not; we are rather leaning towards pessimism.
Although the European wildcat currently thrives in Greece, its long-term survival remains uncertain without targeted conservation efforts.
Bibliography
-Relationships Between European Wildcats and Domestic Cats in an Area of Sympatry: Exploring Key Conservation Questions on Hybridization and Disease Transmission
Jose María Gil-Sánchez, Elena Bertos, Mariola Sánchez-Cerdá, Emilio Virgós, Marcos Moleón
2025
referred to as Gil-Sánchez 2025
-Definition of a Wildcat – Updated Guidance
Nature Scot – Scotland’s nature agency
2023
referred to as NatureScot 2023
-Conservation of the European Wildcat (Felis silvestris) in Mediterranean Environments: A Reassessment of Current Threats
Jorge Lozano, Aurelio F. Malo
2012
referred to as Lozano-Malo 2012
-Habitat Suitability and Relative Abundance of the European Wildcat (Felis silvestris) in the Southeastern Part of Its Range
Despina Migli, Christos Astaras, Nikolaos Kiamos, Stefanos Kyriakidis,
Yorgos Mertzanis, George Boutsis, Nikolaos Oikonomakis, Yiannis Tsaknakis,
Dionisios Youlatos
2025
referred to as Migli 2025
-The European wildcat hovers between recovery and local extinction, Mongbay Conservation news (article)
Sean Mowbray
2026
referred to as Mowbray 2026
Cite this study: Babis Pavlopoulos (2026) European Wildcat - The case of a small area in Kerkini, Northern Greece - Attempt to detect evidence of hybridization
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